Mpox Explained: Symptoms, Causes, And Prevention

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Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a viral disease that can infect both animals and humans. Understanding what Mpox is, how it spreads, and how to prevent it is crucial for public health. This article provides a comprehensive overview of Mpox, covering its symptoms, causes, and prevention strategies.

Understanding Mpox

Mpox is caused by the Mpox virus, which belongs to the orthopoxvirus family. This family includes the variola virus (which causes smallpox), vaccinia virus (used in the smallpox vaccine), and cowpox virus. Mpox was first discovered in 1958 in colonies of monkeys kept for research, hence the original name.

Symptoms of Mpox

The symptoms of Mpox are similar to, but milder than, the symptoms of smallpox. The incubation period (time from infection to symptoms) is usually 7−14 days but can range from 5−21 days. Initial symptoms often include:

  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Muscle aches
  • Backache
  • Swollen lymph nodes
  • Exhaustion

Within 1 to 3 days after the appearance of fever, a rash develops. The rash typically starts on the face and then spreads to other parts of the body. The lesions go through several stages:

  1. Macules (flat, discolored spots)
  2. Papules (raised bumps)
  3. Vesicles (small, fluid-filled blisters)
  4. Pustules (pus-filled blisters)
  5. Scabs (crusts that form as the lesions heal)

The illness typically lasts for 2−4 weeks.

How Mpox Spreads

Mpox can spread in several ways:

  • Animal-to-human transmission: Through direct contact with an infected animal, such as through a bite or scratch, or by handling infected animal products.
  • Human-to-human transmission: Through close contact with respiratory secretions, skin lesions of an infected person, or contaminated materials such as bedding.
  • Mother to fetus: Mpox can be transmitted from a pregnant woman to her fetus.

It’s important to note that Mpox is not as contagious as diseases like measles or chickenpox. Prolonged, close contact is typically required for transmission.

Who is at Risk?

Certain groups are at higher risk of contracting Mpox:

  • People who have contact with infected animals.
  • Household members and healthcare workers caring for infected individuals.
  • People who have had close contact with someone who has Mpox.

Prevention Strategies

Preventing Mpox involves several strategies aimed at reducing the risk of infection:

  • Avoid contact with infected animals: In areas where Mpox is present, avoid contact with animals that could harbor the virus (rodents, primates).
  • Practice good hygiene: Wash hands frequently with soap and water, especially after contact with animals or infected individuals.
  • Use personal protective equipment (PPE): Healthcare workers and others caring for infected individuals should use appropriate PPE, including gloves, masks, and gowns.
  • Vaccination: The smallpox vaccine can provide protection against Mpox. Although routine smallpox vaccination has been discontinued, it may be recommended for certain high-risk groups.
  • Avoid sharing personal items: Do not share bedding, towels, clothing, or other personal items with someone who has Mpox.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Mpox is typically diagnosed based on clinical signs and symptoms, as well as laboratory testing. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing can be used to detect the Mpox virus in samples taken from skin lesions or other bodily fluids.

Treatment Options

Most people with Mpox recover on their own without specific treatment. However, supportive care can help relieve symptoms and prevent complications. This may include:

  • Pain relievers and fever reducers
  • Wound care to prevent secondary infections
  • Antiviral medications: In severe cases, antiviral medications like tecovirimat (TPOXX) may be used.

Mpox vs. Chickenpox

It's important to differentiate Mpox from chickenpox, as they can present similar symptoms. Key differences include:

  • Lymph Node Swelling: Mpox typically causes swollen lymph nodes, which is not common in chickenpox.
  • Rash Distribution: Mpox rash often starts on the face and spreads to other parts of the body, while chickenpox rash usually starts on the trunk.
  • Lesion Development: Mpox lesions go through distinct stages (macules, papules, vesicles, pustules, scabs), whereas chickenpox lesions may appear in different stages simultaneously.

If you suspect you have Mpox, it’s crucial to seek medical attention for proper diagnosis and care.

Staying Informed

Staying informed about Mpox is essential for protecting yourself and your community. Consult reliable sources such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for the latest updates and guidance.

By understanding the symptoms, transmission methods, and prevention strategies, you can take proactive steps to minimize your risk of contracting Mpox and help prevent its spread. If you experience any symptoms of Mpox, seek medical attention promptly.